知识点二：视频与课程的整合

3. Advantages 、 Limitations and Integration of Vedio

3.1 Advantages

• Motion 运动：相对于静止的画面，动感图像在表达一些必须通过运动元素来掌握的概念时，具有很大优势。
• Processes 过程：像装配线操作步骤、科学实验这类的操作流程，一系列有序的动作是关键，使用视频可以更有效地描述它们。
• Risk-free observations 无风险观察。
• Dramatization 戏剧性效果：戏剧性地重现历史和人物，帮助学生观察和分析人与人间的互动。
• Skill learning 技能学习：通过视频，学生可以反复观看标准动作进行模仿，也可以看到自己的动作，获得反馈，不断改进。
• Affective learning 情感学习：视频节目有强烈的情绪感召力，它常用来陶冶情操，塑造人格。
• Problem solving 问题解决：开放式的视频节目，经常在最后把一些悬而未决的难题交给观众，让大家去讨论解决问题的办法。
• Cultural understanding 文化理解：通过观看其他社会里人们的日常生活，我们可以对其文化有一个更深的了解。
• Establishing commonality 建立共识：一同收看视频节目，有助于异质人群建立共同经验基础，更有效地讨论问题。

3.2 Limitations

• Fixed pace 固定的播放速度：尽管观看视频时，可以随时停下来，进行讨论，但是在集体观看时我们很少这么做。
• Talking head 演说者的头部特写：许多视频节目，尤其是自己制作的教育视频节目，包含大量的演讲人的特写镜头。
• Still phenomena 不适合展示静止现象。
• Misinterpretation 误解：纪录片和戏剧在处理具体问题的时候，经常把问题复杂化，这样容易引起误解。
• Abstract ,nonvisual instruction 不适于抽象、不直观的教学：视频很难表达抽象、不直观的信息。
• Logistics 后勤支持的难题：学校通常把视频录像带存放在媒体中心而不是教室。因此在使用视频节目和设备时必须提前预约。

3.3 Integration( 与课程的整合)

    Videos are available on almost any topic and for all types of learners in all the domains of instruction:

• cognitive skills 认知技能： in the cognitive domain, learners can observe dramatic recreations of historical events and actual recordings of more recent events.
• Demonstrations 演示： video is great for showing how things work.
• Virtual field trips 虚拟参观访问: video can take students to places they might not be able to go otherwise.
• Documentary 纪录片： video is the primary medium for documenting actual events and bringing them into the classroom.
• Dramatization 戏剧效果： video has the power to hold your students spellbound as a human drama unfolds before their eyes.
• Discussion basics 建立讨论基础： by viewing a video program together, a diverse group of learners can build a common base of experience as a catalyst for discussion.
• Attitude development 态度的培养： when there is an element of emotion or the desire for affective learning, video usually works well.
• Reports and portfolios 报告和档案袋: students – produced videotapes and video segments on computers are being used for evaluation.
• Training 培训： video is the second most frequently used training media used by business.
• Classroom Access 在教室中收看视频节目。

    Sayings: many organizations use video for the following:

• Orientation o new employee
• Training in job-related skills
• Development of interpersonal abilities for management
• Introduction of new products, policies, or markets
• Customer training
• Standardization of training among dispersed offices.